Choosing Between Commerce City and Westminster

A couple explores a new neighborhood of affordable homes in Commerce City, CO
With lower housing costs, Commerce City attracts many first-time homebuyers and young families looking for space to grow.

Commerce City median rent: $1,540/month | Westminster median rent: $1,732/month | Commerce City median home value: $436,500 | Westminster median home value: $467,200 | Commerce City gas price: $3.02/gal | Westminster gas price: $2.35/gal | Commerce City natural gas: $10.41/MCF | Westminster natural gas: $12.26/MCF | Both cities: 30-minute average commute, 4.5% unemployment

Commerce City and Westminster sit within the same Denver metro region, share similar commute patterns, and face identical unemployment rates—yet the way cost pressure shows up in each city differs in ways that matter deeply to renters, first-time buyers, and families managing transportation and utility exposure. Both cities offer access to Colorado’s Front Range lifestyle, but the structure of housing entry costs, fuel expenses, heating bills, and transit infrastructure creates distinct financial experiences for households trying to balance predictability against flexibility in 2026.

The decision between Commerce City and Westminster isn’t about which city costs less overall—it’s about which cost pressures dominate your household and which tradeoffs you’re equipped to manage. For renters prioritizing lower monthly obligations or buyers seeking a lower entry barrier, Commerce City offers meaningful relief. For car-dependent commuters sensitive to fuel costs or households managing heating exposure in larger homes, Westminster’s lower gas prices and Commerce City’s lower natural gas rates create opposing advantages. Understanding where these differences concentrate—and how they interact with your household’s non-negotiables—is what turns raw numbers into a decision framework.

This comparison explains how housing, utilities, groceries, transportation, and daily logistics behave differently in Commerce City and Westminster, focusing on which households feel each difference most acutely and why the same income can feel stable in one city and tight in the other.

Housing Costs

Housing entry costs separate Commerce City and Westminster more clearly than any other category. Westminster’s median home value of $467,200 sits $30,700 above Commerce City’s $436,500, and the rental gap follows the same pattern: Westminster’s median gross rent of $1,732 per month runs $192 higher than Commerce City’s $1,540. These aren’t small differences when translated into down payment requirements, monthly mortgage obligations, or the flexibility renters have to absorb other cost shocks. For households where housing dominates the budget—especially first-time buyers stretching toward a down payment or renters managing variable income—Commerce City’s lower entry threshold creates breathing room that Westminster simply doesn’t offer at the median.

The structural difference extends beyond the numbers themselves. Commerce City’s housing stock reflects a mix of older single-family homes and newer developments, with pockets of walkable infrastructure and integrated green space that support family-oriented living without requiring premium pricing. Westminster’s higher median values suggest either newer construction, proximity to employment corridors, or neighborhood amenities that command a price premium—but those advantages come with front-loaded costs that affect buyers and renters differently. Renters in Westminster face higher baseline obligations before utilities, groceries, or transportation enter the equation, while buyers confront larger loan amounts and higher monthly payments even if interest rates remain stable.

For families prioritizing space, the housing decision hinges on whether the household can absorb Westminster’s higher entry cost in exchange for potential neighborhood or school access, or whether Commerce City’s lower baseline allows for larger homes, more savings cushion, or reduced mortgage stress. Single adults and couples may find Commerce City’s rental market more forgiving when income fluctuates or when saving for a future purchase remains the priority. The difference isn’t about one city being “affordable” and the other not—it’s about which households have the income stability and savings depth to manage Westminster’s higher threshold without sacrificing flexibility elsewhere.

Housing TypeCommerce CityWestminster
Median Gross Rent$1,540/month$1,732/month
Median Home Value$436,500$467,200

These values represent market medians, not guarantees of availability or fit. Renters sensitive to baseline monthly obligations will feel Commerce City’s lower rent as immediate relief, while buyers managing down payment timelines or debt-to-income ratios will find Commerce City’s lower home values reduce the barrier to ownership. Westminster’s higher costs don’t necessarily reflect better housing—they reflect different market positioning, and households must weigh whether that positioning aligns with their non-negotiables or simply raises the cost of entry without delivering proportional value.

Housing takeaway: Commerce City fits households where housing entry cost is the primary constraint—renters managing tight monthly budgets, first-time buyers stretching toward a down payment, or families prioritizing space over neighborhood premium. Westminster fits households with stable income, larger savings cushion, or specific neighborhood priorities that justify higher baseline obligations. The difference is front-loaded: Commerce City lowers the threshold, while Westminster raises it in exchange for market positioning that may or may not align with your household’s priorities.

Utilities and Energy Costs

A woman eats takeout on the floor while unpacking in her new Westminster apartment
Although rent is higher, Westminster’s convenient location and amenities appeal to many solo renters and commuters.

Utility cost exposure in Commerce City and Westminster diverges most clearly in natural gas pricing, where Westminster’s $12.26 per MCF runs nearly $2 higher than Commerce City’s $10.41 per MCF. Electricity rates remain nearly identical—Commerce City at 16.12¢/kWh and Westminster at 16.26¢/kWh—so the primary difference lies in heating costs rather than baseline power consumption. For households in larger single-family homes, older construction with less insulation, or properties where heating dominates winter utility bills, Commerce City’s lower natural gas rate translates into meaningfully lower exposure during Colorado’s extended heating season. Westminster households face the same heating needs but pay more per unit of gas consumed, and that gap compounds over months of consistent furnace use.

The interaction between housing type and utility structure matters here. Apartments and townhomes with shared walls, newer construction with better insulation, or smaller floor plans reduce total heating demand regardless of per-unit gas pricing, so Westminster’s higher natural gas rate affects these households less acutely. Single-family homes with larger square footage, vaulted ceilings, or older HVAC systems amplify the cost difference because they consume more gas to maintain comfort. Commerce City’s lower natural gas pricing doesn’t eliminate heating costs, but it reduces the per-month obligation for households where heating exposure is unavoidable due to housing form or family size.

Electricity costs remain predictable and nearly identical across both cities, so cooling season, baseline appliance use, and lighting don’t create meaningful cost separation. The utility decision hinges almost entirely on heating exposure: how much gas your household consumes, how long the heating season runs, and whether your housing stock amplifies or dampens that consumption. Households in Westminster managing older homes or larger floor plans should expect higher winter utility bills than comparable households in Commerce City, even if summer electricity costs remain stable. Households in newer, smaller, or better-insulated housing will feel the natural gas difference less acutely, but it still shows up as a predictable ongoing obligation rather than a one-time cost.

Utility programs, time-of-use billing structures, and efficiency incentives exist across Colorado, but their availability and structure vary by provider and aren’t guaranteed in either city. Households managing utility volatility should focus on housing characteristics—insulation quality, HVAC age, square footage—as the primary lever for controlling exposure, rather than assuming programs will offset structural cost differences. Commerce City’s lower natural gas rate provides a baseline advantage for heating-heavy households, but that advantage disappears if the home itself is inefficient or if the household prioritizes space over energy performance.

Utility takeaway: Commerce City fits households with higher heating exposure—larger homes, older construction, or families where comfort and space take priority over minimizing square footage. Westminster’s higher natural gas pricing creates more volatility for these households, especially during extended cold stretches. Westminster fits households in newer, smaller, or better-insulated housing where heating demand is lower and where electricity (which costs nearly the same in both cities) dominates the utility mix. The difference is structural: Commerce City reduces heating cost pressure, while Westminster raises it for households where gas consumption is unavoidable.

Groceries and Daily Expenses

Both Commerce City and Westminster share the same regional price parity index of 105, meaning grocery staples, household goods, and everyday spending face similar baseline pricing pressure across the Denver metro. The difference in daily expense behavior comes not from price levels but from access patterns, store concentration, and how households navigate the tradeoff between convenience and cost discipline. Commerce City shows corridor-clustered food and grocery density, meaning options concentrate along specific routes rather than spreading evenly across neighborhoods. This structure works well for households with predictable routines, car access, and the ability to plan shopping trips around major corridors, but it introduces friction for households relying on walkability, transit, or last-minute errands.

Westminster’s experiential grocery infrastructure isn’t documented in the available data, but the city’s higher housing costs and income levels suggest a retail environment that may skew toward convenience-oriented options—prepared foods, specialty stores, and neighborhood markets that reduce planning burden but raise per-item costs. Commerce City’s corridor-clustered structure favors bulk shopping, discount chains, and big-box access, which lowers per-unit grocery costs for families managing larger volumes but requires more intentional trip planning. Single adults and couples may find Commerce City’s grocery landscape less convenient for quick stops or small purchases, while families with storage space and weekly shopping habits benefit from lower per-item pricing when they commit to larger trips.

Dining out, coffee runs, and convenience spending follow similar patterns: Commerce City’s layout rewards households that batch errands and minimize impulse purchases, while Westminster’s structure (inferred from housing and income positioning) likely supports more frequent, smaller transactions that feel easier in the moment but accumulate over weeks. Households sensitive to grocery budget creep—where convenience spending, prepared foods, and frequent small purchases erode savings—will find Commerce City’s structure more forgiving if they can tolerate the planning burden. Households prioritizing time flexibility, walkable access, or reduced errand friction may prefer Westminster’s likely retail density, even if per-item costs run slightly higher.

The grocery decision isn’t about one city being cheaper—it’s about which friction costs your household can absorb. Commerce City lowers per-unit costs but raises planning and access friction. Westminster likely lowers access friction but raises per-unit costs through convenience-oriented retail. Families with storage space, car access, and predictable schedules fit Commerce City’s structure better. Single adults, dual-income couples with tight schedules, or households without reliable car access may find Westminster’s inferred convenience worth the incremental cost, even if the grocery bill runs higher on paper.

Grocery takeaway: Commerce City fits households that can plan ahead, batch errands, and prioritize per-unit cost over convenience—especially families managing larger grocery volumes or households with storage space and car access. Westminster likely fits households prioritizing time flexibility, walkable or transit-accessible grocery options, and reduced errand friction, even if that convenience raises per-item costs. The difference is structural: Commerce City rewards discipline and planning, while Westminster (inferred) rewards flexibility and reduces logistical burden.

Taxes and Fees

Property taxes, sales taxes, and recurring city-specific fees shape ongoing cost obligations differently depending on whether you rent or own, how long you plan to stay, and whether your housing includes HOA or special assessment exposure. Both Commerce City and Westminster sit within the same county and state tax framework, so baseline property tax rates and sales tax structures don’t diverge dramatically at the municipal level. The difference lies in how housing values interact with property tax obligations and whether HOA fees or special assessments add predictable or variable costs on top of baseline taxes.

Westminster’s higher median home value of $467,200 means property tax bills will run higher than Commerce City’s $436,500 median, even if the millage rate remains identical. For homeowners, this translates into a larger annual obligation that compounds over years of ownership. Renters don’t pay property taxes directly, but landlords factor those costs into rent pricing, so Westminster’s higher property tax exposure indirectly affects rental rates as well. The predictability of property taxes—they rise with assessed value but follow known schedules—makes them easier to plan for than variable costs, but they still represent a larger ongoing obligation in Westminster for households at comparable income levels.

HOA fees vary widely depending on neighborhood, housing type, and what services are bundled—landscaping, snow removal, trash, water, or shared amenities. Commerce City’s housing stock includes both HOA-governed developments and standalone properties, so fee exposure depends entirely on which neighborhood and housing type you choose. Westminster’s higher home values suggest a greater prevalence of planned communities or newer developments where HOA fees may be more common, but this isn’t guaranteed. Households considering either city should treat HOA fees as a wildcard: they can add $50 to $300+ per month depending on services bundled, and they’re non-negotiable once you buy into a governed community.

Sales taxes, trash fees, water billing, and other city-specific charges don’t create meaningful separation between Commerce City and Westminster—they’re largely determined by county and state policy rather than municipal differences. The tax and fee decision hinges on property tax exposure (driven by home value) and whether your chosen neighborhood includes HOA obligations. Westminster’s higher home values raise property tax bills for owners and indirectly raise rent for tenants. Commerce City’s lower home values reduce that baseline obligation, but HOA exposure remains neighborhood-specific in both cities.

Tax and fee takeaway: Westminster’s higher home values create higher property tax obligations for owners and indirect rent pressure for tenants. Commerce City’s lower home values reduce baseline property tax exposure. HOA fees are neighborhood-specific in both cities and can add significant monthly costs regardless of which city you choose. Households planning to own long-term should weigh property tax exposure as an ongoing obligation that compounds over years; renters should recognize that landlords pass those costs through indirectly. The difference is magnitude: Westminster raises baseline tax obligations, while Commerce City lowers them, but both cities expose households to HOA variability depending on neighborhood choice.

Transportation & Commute Reality

Both Commerce City and Westminster report identical average commute times of 30 minutes, but the structure of transportation costs and commute friction diverges in ways that affect car-dependent households, transit users, and remote workers differently. Commerce City’s gas price of $3.02 per gallon runs $0.67 higher than Westminster’s $2.35 per gallon—a meaningful gap for households driving daily, especially when combined with Commerce City’s 52.0% long-commute percentage compared to Westminster’s 22.9%. Commerce City commuters face both higher per-gallon costs and a greater likelihood of covering longer distances, which compounds fuel expense exposure over weeks and months of consistent driving.

Commerce City provides rail transit access, which creates an alternative for households willing to structure their routines around fixed schedules and station proximity. The city also shows substantial pedestrian infrastructure in pockets, meaning some neighborhoods support walking for errands or short trips even if the broader city remains car-oriented. Westminster’s transit infrastructure isn’t documented in the available data, so households considering Westminster should assume car dependence unless they can verify transit coverage in their specific neighborhood. Commerce City’s rail access doesn’t eliminate the need for a car—only 7.8% of residents work from home, and the long-commute percentage suggests many jobs remain outside walkable or transit-accessible range—but it provides optionality that Westminster may not match.

The transportation decision hinges on whether your household can reduce driving frequency and whether fuel cost exposure matters more than housing or utility savings. Westminster’s lower gas prices favor car-dependent commuters who drive daily and cover moderate distances, especially if the job location or schedule makes transit impractical. Commerce City’s higher gas prices penalize frequent drivers, but the city’s rail access and walkable pockets create opportunities to reduce driving for households willing to prioritize proximity to transit or mixed-use corridors. Families with two-car households, long commutes, or jobs requiring vehicle access will feel Commerce City’s higher gas prices as a recurring cost that offsets some of the housing savings.

Remote workers and households with flexible schedules face less transportation pressure in either city, but Commerce City’s rail access and walkable infrastructure may still reduce the need for a second vehicle or frequent short trips. Westminster’s lower gas prices matter less if you’re not driving daily, but they provide meaningful relief for households where commuting is non-negotiable and where fuel costs accumulate faster than other variable expenses.

Transportation takeaway: Westminster fits car-dependent commuters who drive daily and prioritize lower fuel costs, especially if transit access isn’t a priority or if the job location makes driving unavoidable. Commerce City fits households willing to use rail transit, prioritize walkable neighborhoods, or reduce driving frequency in exchange for higher per-gallon gas costs. The difference is structural: Westminster lowers fuel costs but assumes car dependence, while Commerce City raises fuel costs but provides transit and walkability alternatives that reduce driving exposure for households positioned to use them.

Cost Structure Comparison

Housing dominates the cost experience in both cities, but the pressure concentrates differently. Commerce City lowers the barrier to entry—both for renters managing monthly obligations and buyers stretching toward a down payment—while Westminster raises that threshold in exchange for market positioning that may or may not align with household priorities. For families where housing affordability is the primary constraint, Commerce City’s lower median rent and home values create flexibility that Westminster doesn’t offer. For households with stable income and larger savings cushion, Westminster’s higher housing costs may feel manageable, but they still represent a larger baseline obligation before other costs enter the equation.

Utilities introduce more volatility in Westminster, specifically for households with heating exposure. Commerce City’s lower natural gas pricing reduces winter utility bills for larger homes, older construction, or families where heating demand is unavoidable due to square footage or housing form. Westminster’s higher natural gas rate compounds heating costs over Colorado’s extended cold season, and that difference matters most for households where housing type amplifies gas consumption. Electricity costs remain nearly identical, so cooling season and baseline appliance use don’t create separation—the utility difference is structural and tied directly to heating exposure.

Transportation patterns matter more in Commerce City, where higher gas prices penalize frequent drivers but where rail access and walkable pockets create alternatives for households willing to structure routines around transit or reduce car dependence. Westminster’s lower gas prices favor car-dependent commuters, but the city’s transit infrastructure remains undocumented, so households should assume driving is non-negotiable unless they can verify alternatives in their specific neighborhood. Commerce City’s higher long-commute percentage suggests many residents drive longer distances despite higher fuel costs, which raises transportation exposure for households where job location or schedule makes driving unavoidable.

Groceries and daily expenses follow similar regional pricing due to identical price parity indices, but access patterns differ. Commerce City’s corridor-clustered grocery density rewards households that plan ahead, batch errands, and prioritize per-unit cost over convenience. Westminster’s structure (inferred from housing and income positioning) likely supports more frequent, smaller transactions that reduce planning burden but raise per-item costs. Families managing larger grocery volumes fit Commerce City’s structure better, while single adults and dual-income couples with tight schedules may prefer Westminster’s inferred convenience.

The decision isn’t about which city costs less overall—it’s about which cost pressures dominate your household and which tradeoffs you’re equipped to manage. Households sensitive to housing entry costs, heating exposure, or grocery discipline may prefer Commerce City’s lower baseline obligations and structural advantages. Households prioritizing lower fuel costs, convenience-oriented retail, or market positioning that justifies higher housing costs may prefer Westminster’s structure, even if baseline obligations run higher. For households where predictability matters more than magnitude, Commerce City’s lower housing and heating costs create breathing room; for households where time flexibility and reduced friction matter more than per-unit costs, Westminster’s structure may feel easier to navigate despite higher baseline expenses.

How the Same Income Feels in Commerce City vs Westminster

Single Adult

Housing becomes the first non-negotiable, and Commerce City’s lower rent creates immediate flexibility that Westminster doesn’t offer. Transportation costs diverge based on whether you drive daily or can structure routines around rail transit—Commerce City’s higher gas prices penalize frequent drivers, while Westminster’s lower fuel costs favor car dependence. Grocery discipline matters more in Commerce City, where corridor-clustered access rewards planning but introduces friction for last-minute errands. Westminster’s inferred convenience-oriented retail reduces logistical burden but raises per-item costs, and that difference compounds for households managing variable income or prioritizing savings over ease.

Dual-Income Couple

Housing entry costs separate the two cities most clearly—Commerce City’s lower home values reduce down payment barriers and monthly mortgage obligations, while Westminster’s higher costs assume stable dual income and larger savings cushion. Heating exposure becomes more predictable in Commerce City for couples in larger homes, while Westminster’s higher natural gas pricing raises winter utility bills without offering proportional benefit. Transportation pressure depends on whether both partners drive daily—Westminster’s lower gas prices favor two-car households with consistent commutes, while Commerce City’s rail access and walkable pockets reduce driving exposure for couples willing to share one vehicle or prioritize transit proximity.

Family with Kids

Housing space needs dominate, and Commerce City’s lower home values allow families to access larger floor plans or single-family homes without stretching mortgage capacity. Heating costs compound in larger homes, and Commerce City’s lower natural gas pricing reduces winter utility exposure compared to Westminster’s higher rates. Transportation becomes a time-cost tradeoff—Commerce City’s higher gas prices penalize families with two-car households and long commutes, while Westminster’s lower fuel costs favor car-dependent logistics. Grocery planning burden matters more in Commerce City, where corridor-clustered access rewards bulk shopping but requires intentional trip planning, while Westminster’s inferred convenience-oriented retail reduces friction for families managing tight schedules but raises per-item costs over time. Commerce City’s strong family infrastructure—schools, playgrounds, and integrated green space—supports family-oriented living without requiring premium pricing, while Westminster’s structure remains less documented but likely reflects market positioning that raises baseline costs across categories.

Decision Matrix: Which City Fits Which Household?

Decision factorIf you’re sensitive to this…Commerce City tends to fit when…Westminster tends to fit when…
Housing entry + space needsDown payment size, monthly rent or mortgage obligation, access to larger floor plansYou prioritize lower baseline housing costs and need flexibility to absorb other expensesYou have stable income and larger savings cushion that can absorb higher entry costs
Transportation dependence + commute frictionFuel costs, transit access, driving frequency, long-commute exposureYou can use rail transit, prioritize walkable neighborhoods, or reduce driving frequencyYou drive daily, prioritize lower gas prices, and assume car dependence is non-negotiable
Utility variability + home size exposureHeating costs, natural gas pricing, seasonal bill volatility, housing formYou live in a larger home or older construction where heating exposure is unavoidableYou live in newer, smaller, or better-insulated housing where heating demand is lower
Grocery strategy + convenience spending creepPer-unit costs, planning burden, access friction, impulse purchase exposureYou can plan ahead, batch errands, and prioritize per-unit cost over convenienceYou prioritize time flexibility and walkable access even if per-item costs run higher
Fees + friction costs (HOA, services, upkeep)Property taxes, HOA obligations, predictable vs variable ongoing costsYou prioritize lower baseline property tax exposure and can navigate neighborhood-specific HOA variabilityYou can absorb higher property tax obligations and accept HOA fees as part of market positioning
Time budget (schedule flexibility, errands, logistics)Errand friction, transit schedules, walkability, convenience vs planning burdenYou can structure routines around rail schedules, walkable corridors, and planned shopping tripsYou prioritize reduced logistical friction and convenience-oriented access even if it raises costs

Lifestyle Fit

Commerce City and Westminster both offer access to Colorado’s Front Range lifestyle—outdoor recreation, proximity to Denver employment corridors, and four-season climate—but the day-to-day experience of navigating each city differs in ways that indirectly affect cost exposure. Commerce City provides rail transit access, substantial pedestrian infrastructure in walkable pockets, and integrated green space with high park density and water features. These structural advantages support households that prioritize outdoor access, family-oriented amenities, and the ability to reduce car dependence for errands or short trips. Westminster’s lifestyle infrastructure remains less documented, but the city’s higher housing costs and income positioning suggest a market that may skew toward convenience-oriented amenities, newer construction, and neighborhoods designed around car access rather than transit or walkability.

For families, Commerce City’s strong infrastructure—schools, playgrounds, and parks that exceed density thresholds—creates a lived environment where kids can access outdoor space and recreational options without requiring long drives or premium pricing. Westminster’s family amenities aren’t documented in the available data, so households prioritizing family-oriented infrastructure should verify school quality, playground access, and park density in their specific Westminster neighborhood before assuming comparable access. Commerce City’s low-rise building character and mixed residential-commercial land use create a suburban feel with pockets of walkable activity, while Westminster’s urban form remains undocumented but likely reflects similar low-rise, car-oriented development typical of Denver metro suburbs.

Commute times remain identical at 30 minutes on average, but the structure of that commute differs. Commerce City’s rail access allows some households to avoid daily driving, while Westminster’s lower gas prices favor car-dependent commuters who drive consistently. Commerce City’s 52.0% long-commute percentage suggests many residents travel significant distances for work, which raises time costs and fuel exposure even if rail access provides an alternative for some. Westminster’s 22.9% long-commute percentage suggests shorter average distances or more localized employment, which reduces time burden and fuel consumption for car-dependent households. Remote work remains uncommon in both cities—7.8% in Commerce City and 5.7% in Westminster—so most households should assume daily commuting is the norm.

Commerce City offers rail transit access and integrated green space, making it easier to reduce car dependence for errands or recreation. Westminster’s lower long-commute percentage suggests shorter average distances for car-dependent households, reducing time and fuel exposure.

How this article was built: In addition to public economic data, this article incorporates location-based experiential signals derived from anonymized geographic patterns—such as access density, walkability, and land-use mix—to reflect how day-to-day living actually feels in Commerce City, CO.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Commerce City or Westminster cheaper for renters in 2026?

Commerce City shows a median gross rent of $1,540 per month compared to Westminster’s $1,732, creating a $192 monthly difference that matters most for renters managing tight budgets or prioritizing flexibility to absorb other cost shocks. The difference isn’t about one city being universally cheaper—it’s about which baseline obligation your household can manage before utilities, transportation, and groceries enter the equation. Commerce City lowers the entry threshold, while Westminster raises it in exchange for market positioning that may or may not align with your priorities.

How do heating costs compare between Commerce City and Westminster in 2026?

Commerce City’s natural gas price of $10.41 per MCF runs nearly $2 lower than Westminster’s $12.26 per MCF, which translates into lower winter utility bills for households with heating exposure—especially larger homes, older construction, or families where square footage amplifies gas consumption. Electricity rates remain nearly identical, so the utility difference concentrates entirely in heating costs. Households in newer, smaller, or better-insulated housing will feel the natural gas gap less acutely, but it still shows up as a predictable ongoing obligation rather than a one-time cost.

Which city is better for car-dependent commuters, Commerce City or Westminster?

Westminster’s gas price of $2.35 per gallon runs $0.67 lower than Commerce City’s $3.02, favoring households that drive daily and cover moderate distances. Commerce City’s higher gas prices penalize